Reinforced-concrete cell for the electrolysis of salt, &amp;c.



Eatente Jan. w, wm.

N. STATEAM.

THB ELEGTROLYSIS 0F SALT, xiao.

APPLIGATIH FILED NOV. 1, 1913.

RENFORED CONCRETE DELL FOB.

E. STA'IPHAM. RBINFOBGED CONCRETE CELL FOB, THE BLBGTROLYSS OLD-SALT, dw.

APPLICATION FILED NOV. 1, 1913.

'Patented Jan. 19, 1915.

Concrete Cells for Unir-eri ET QFFICE.

...or einer rossi, ma

A EGQREGEATIQN .GF -NEWT YORK ensnioeoeefooimeefre oem :eLeo'reoLYsis or SALT, aw.

atented Jan. 159, 1915.

To all whom it may/,concern Be .it known that l, loen 'S'rerrisL/i, e.

subject of the King of @moet Britain, enel resident o` Yonkers, Westchester county, New York, leere made e certain new and useful nvention Relating to :Reinforcedtlie Electrolysis of Seit, &e., of which the lfollowing is e vspecificetion, tellen in connection with the -ieccornpenying cli-swing, ywhich forms parts of the same.

' rhis invention reietes especially to large eleotrolytio cells imi/ing their bodies or Con- Jmining Cases formeel substentiellyor prinipqlly of reinforced concrete whicht een thus' be cheaply and .ei'eotiely mede of such large sizees to adept tliein to the effective electrolysis. of seit for the. production of caustic -sotls and @hierin or for many other eleetrolytio prooesses. Cells of the general Hargreaves type een be eonvenientiy merle oi suoli construction so es to secure higli0 eilioieney 'because yof the com# peretive freedom from leakage or" electricity and be also desirable loeeeuse of the du rability of the parts and the relative freedom from leerlinge of ges and so 'ortli from the cells.

In lthe eeeoinpenying drawings showing in e somewhat diagrammatic -Wziy illustretive forms oi-i'tliis invention, Figure is ou elevation partly in section tlirougli e form of cell. Fig. 2 is e transverse section thereof taken substantially along the line 2 2 of Fig. l. is a similar section of tlie cell bocly with the eetliofle chambers removed. Fig. l is a partiel top View on :i larger scale; and 7Fig. 5 is un enlarged pen tial section tluougli .o1ie ofA the cathode ele-I ments. I

The cell 'boe or easing .may with admi tege be in the vforni o e one-pieoe-nerrow open sided Casing es shown in Fig. Il which is preferably given e substantially rectangular-.see'tirnr By making the easing in this shape of suitable Portland or other eement concrete in which rein/oroingrofls or metgxl`v lie members are embedded during the prooess oi' Casting or molding the concrete, eolcli'rionel strength is given to the horizontal members Where beam action is most marked und the other portions oi' the coll,

areelso strengthened in e well known mani ner. lt is possible in this Way to form the cellbody with one or more integral lifting' iireexlgetsedecent the endsofezieh oellxsuch es l, which .may as yinclicrzategi in Fig. 3 be ,provided with en upper portion ,or heed 9 end. with my desired number of supportmg recessesnsuch @iS/'59, -Whlcb .may bof ,enyfsuitable size .andshepe to accommodate and tvseeimt the pipes-i meinem ether C011- neotions used yin relation to ythe cell. .The cell body may be v:formeel with integrelisupporting feet suoli 1 2 :odjecenteach end anfl alSo, if desired, at other points as Well setlist they inrtysupport the Cell preferer-bly on suitable insulating i-plaftes, such es 4:0, of

glass or other material. It Ais usuallyzde- Ysii-able to provide theinside oltliecellbody or casing with e suitable impervious o r ficiclfprooi' lining which Witlg advantage be termed of aoisl-proofetlllwsuoh as obsidiaiiite or the like which .may be seonredV in piece around the Vinside of the cell body vwhen 1t is originally cast or se- ,eurecl thereto subsequently ,with any :suitpreferably provided with embeddedzbrine inlet and outlet pipes of ecirlproofxearthen- .were suoli as chemical stoneware or other suitable materiel, and it is quite desirable to torni these-pipes with straight runs and oonneetioiis enctwith suitable oleenout apertures in line with tlieopereting portions of these pipes adjacent any benclso as to facilitate cleaning und ineke 1t easy tomaintam tlie ,cell in eieetive condition. The brine outlet pipe for example, is formed with the leterul intake portion 16 adjacent the top of the cell preferably partly above :mtl partly below the normal `level of the electrolyte therein so as to eontnuously eieottlie Withdrawel of tlieweall; brine through thiszpipe 'and discharge the saine into the Weakbrine `main l5 which may extend longitudinally 'oelovf the series of cells, and at theseme time the olilorin gas may freely passtlirough this same brine 'outlet `sind; orinemem,Wahiol may --be eonneoted with, el as resertoird snot-ion -evieeysoqgisfto e Bilivelyggrevgentlio' leakage of chlorin into the room By.

, brine inlet 1pipe l() of earthenware, etc., may

be embedded in either one of the end Walls ofthe cell casing and when its discharge end l is located. below the normal level ot the electrolyte in the cell it is sealed in 'this way so that it is unnecessary 'to provide any other seal for this inlet. Une or more cleanou'tor 'sampling tubes such as 8 may bel formedv or cast in the top of the cell body Whichr'yrnay have their tops left open where these tubes extend below the normal liquor Alevel 'in the cell so as to make a liquid seal in this Way. Cnc or :more additional clean-V out or inspection openings such as 68 may also be formed in various parts of the cell which are of course-normally closed by suitoit outlet openings or tubes, such as lil, may

suiciently by embedding them Within the be formed in the cell body and provided with any suitable form of plug or closure,

such for exampleas the plug' del which may be readily .held in the closed position over the outlet opening' le as by the bar 45 which may screw the plug tightly home through the screws or bolts 43 threaded into suitable clamps or sockets 13 embedded in or otherwisc secured to the cell body.

The cathode elements used with a Hargreaves general type of cell of this description may be advantageously formed by casting or molding similar'lortland cement or other concrete 25 Within a metallic or steel angle iron cathode frame 26 which may have the lifting ring 27 secured thereto in any desired way and be provided with the edge plates 3.3 and one or more diagonal braces 134;, if desired. The bearing bars 24 may be secured to the metallic cathode frame as by riveting or bolting them thereto or in moet cases they may be supported concrete when originally casting it so as to support the'projecting edges of these bearing bars substantially in line with the inner edge of the cathode frame and form a suitable cathode chamber, such as 28, Within these bearing bars which may have their outer ends substantially horizontal or preferably slightly downwardly yinclined and also provided with corrugations such as 76 if desired, as indicatedl in 5. lllie upper and lower ends oil this cathode chamber 28 are preferably somewhat enlarged so as to supply more uniformly and readily Y throughout the surface of the cathode diaphragmf22, the treating gases or vapors Vwhich may vhe injected through suitable gas inlets i6 arranged at the desiredl intervals"l along the upper part of the cathode element. The cathode diaphragm may be formed of any suitable material, such lor example, as

one or more sheets of superimposed steel or,

copper gauze 23 shown of somewhat ei;- aggerated thickness in Fig. 5 which rest upon the bearing bars and edges'of the cathode frame arulsol'dered or otherwise secured to the heavy copper bar or collector strip 52 vwhich may be used to' carry the current. The porous diaphragm sheet which may be made ofl treated asbestos paper, cloth or other suitable material is under operating conditions held closely vin contact with the porous cathode gauze or member 23 so as to effectively cooperate therewith for the separation of the caustic soda `o`r other material from the electrolyte. A similar enlargement of the lower part of the'cath- ,ode chamber may communicate through one or more discharge or drip openings 6G with suitable drip pipes to carry oli the so- Y diurn carbonate solution and also the carbon-dioxid and the hydrogen orA other waste gases'from the cathode chamber. For this purpose suitable drip openings 67`1nay be formed within the cell body as shown in Figs. 2 and 3 so as to cooperate with the discharge or drip openings 66 inthe cathode chambers and lead this material down the .drip pipes which as indicated in Fig. 3 may be curvedor trapped toprevent undesirablegas discharge may discharge into an inclined transverse drip chute collecting trough 30 so as to conduct this soda liquor into the collectiong main 3l running alongthe row of cells. it is also desirable to have one or more suitable exhaust gas mains such as the mains 32 embedded in the cell body in connection with the cathode chambers so as to prevent escape of the cathode chamber gases into the cell room and by connecting these mains with an exhaust fan or other device these exhaust gases naar,Y be continuously withdrawn.

The anode elements may be of any suitable construction, such for example, as the built-up carbon anodes. shown in Fig. 2 as comprising the anode blocks orpieces 70 of gascarbon or other suitable material supported on the rods 75 of graphite or other l conducting substance which are conncttd Withthc copper or other metallic leadiwires 72 and embedded in the anode support 71 of cement or other supporting material to gire the desired mechanical strength and rigidity anode element. The upper end or neck of through theconcrete casing' or body el; the cell undesirable or destructive electrolytic action is'greatly minimized asjcompared which me current'is transmitted Whichi'are also very. much more costly to install.' In

' this way the cells can be conveniently asclaims.

course to be limited, sincewvhatisvclaimed as new and what is desired to be secured .by Letters I )atentis set forth in the appended 'I claiml. In electrolytic. cells :for the electrolysis of salt or other-material, an opensided rectangular sectioned cell casin'gormed ofreinforced concrete, a brine inlet embedded in said cell-casing, cathode drip pipes 'and connected embedded cathode exhaust mains, .said cell casing being provided with anodes,

cathode elements coperating with the open v -sides of said cell casing,r and each compris# ing a cathode diaphragm and a coperating concrete body formed with a cathode cham-f ber, said cathode elements being provided with drip openings coperating with said drip pipes and'provided with gas inlets coininunicating with theupper ends ol" their cathode chambersand gas and'steam mains supplying treatinv of salt or other material, an open sided cell casing `formed of concrete, a brine inlet emapertures, cathode elements bedded in said cell casing', cathode drip pipes andconnected eml'iedded cathode exhaust mains, said cell casing being,r prm'ided with anodes,' cathode elements cooperating" ruth the open sides each vcomprising a cathode diaphragm and of said cell casing and a coperating concrete body formed with a cathode chamber, said cathode elements being provided with drip openings coperating with said drip pipes and steam pipes supplying' treating gases to saidgas inlets.

3. ln electrolytie cells for the electrolysis of' saltor other nia-ferial, a one-piece open sided rectangular ysectioned cell casing formed of reinforced concrete, a brine inlet embedded in said cell casing, cathode' drip pipes embedded in said cell casing. said cell casing being provided with anode apertures, anodes coperating with said .anode adapted to cooperate With the sides of said cell casing, a cathode diaphragm cooperating with each members to clamp with cells having castv iron casings throiigh' pipes ,embedded to the'details of which disclosure the invention is not of,

Ytion adjacent g gases to said gas inlets." 2. ln electrolytic cells-for the electrolysis clamping bolts extending of .saidl cathode elements,- enii clamping 'seid lcathode elements i and cathode diaphragms in positiontheopen sides of seid cell casing, said cathede elements being provided with drip open ings cooperatingy with said drip pipes.

4. In electrolytic cells for the electrolysis of salt or other material,v a cell casing formed' of reinforced concrete and provided with in- -tegral supporting feet and with integral brackets adjacent its ends, a brine inlet' embedded in v'said cell casing, cathode drip in saidcell casing,said cell casing bei provided with an tile lining t oughout the portion 'normally in Contact with the electrolyte and provided with vanode apertures, anodes cooperating with said anode apertures and cooperating cathode and cathode diaphragme removably clam ed to said'cell casi electrolyt'ic cellsfoitlie electrolysis of salt or other material, a. cell casing formed.

of. reinforced concrete, a brine inlet em'- bedded in said cell casing, cathode drip pipesl 'A embedded in said cell casing, said cell casacid proof ing being'provided with anode apertures,

anodes coperating with said anode apertures and coperating cathodes and cathodeA diaphragme removably clamped to said cell casings.

6.- ln electrolytic cells for the electrolysis of salt or other material, a one-'piece narrow open sided rectangular sectioned cellcasing formed of reinforced concrete and provided with integral brackets adjacent its ends, an

1n the concrete forming the end ofthe cell easing and comprising a lateral intake porto the top of theI cell and cleanout extensions provided with removl able plugs substantially in linev with thethe sides of said Acell casing and comprising i embedded bearing members and coperatlng.

cathode diaphragme and clamping members coperating with said clamping bolts to clamp saidcathode elements and cathode diaphragme in position.

l T. In electrolytic cells for the electrolysis said pipe, anodes of-salt or other material,.a one-piece narrowv open sided cell casing formed of reinforced concrete, an electrolyte pipe of earthenware embedded in the concrete forming the cell casing and comprising a lateral intake por- 10e f electrolyte pipe of earthenware embedded sides ot' said cell easing and members tion adjacentl to the to@ of the cell imicleanout extensions provi-:led with iemovebe plugs substantially in lin-e with tlie @peset ing portions-.of sfiilpipe emoties meente-cl in said oell 'csiug,'olamping plates eiflbeidefl -in said Vcell easing, insulating tubes en;

beddedl in said' 'oell casing and cooperating with' seid clamping plates and elempiiig; bolts extending looselT tlirougliseiel "tsulating tubes, clamping nuts and insulet Jg lfrnembei's on said clamping bolts to plates 1n position' 'while insulated tlieeirom3 ossing, :modes mounted in esiti oeil @Eising7 clamping plates embedded in said. felices in insulutin' tubes embeclflecl in, saisi eel easing and copemting with seid olampiiof plates and clamping bolts extending looselthrougli said insulating tubes olempii nuts :mtl insulating members on seid ing bolts to hold seid plates l position will..

ed to coperatewitli tbe sides of seid cell casing and comprising embedded. and coloeetiiig cathode @its phiagms and Clamping members oopeieiiig with seid; clamping bolts to clamp seid cathode elements and Cathode in position.

9. In electroljvtic cells for the electi'olysis of salt or otlieimaterial, e, onepieee opere sided cell casing formeel oi' reinoxrcec). crete, un electrolyte pipe of ezutlieiowere erobeddecl in the concrete forming the cell easing', modes mountefl in seid l clamping plates embelclefl seid oeil Ces! ing, insulzitiiigl tubes embedded si seid oei easing and eopei'sting with seuil clamping plates and Clamping' bolts extending loosely through said. insulating tubes, Clamping nuts und insulating members on said Clamp ing bolts to bold said. plates iA sitiou wliile insulated tlieieiiom eet elements 'adopted to cooperate insulated thei'eiom, cathode elements adept! bearing members :rml cooperating diuplia'gms mul Clamping meiiibeis Coopet'utiug with said Clamping bolts to clamp said cathode elements and cathode plu-ogms in position.

l0. ln electrolytio cells ot salt or other meter' row rectangular .sectionoo c of i'eiiforeed eolici-ete, en electrolyte pipe of eetlie mate emoecifie in the concrete formbolts extending' through seid insulating iliuoes7 clamping :outs and. insulating memn electzolytie cells for the electrolysis t of otiie mateiialn so open sided cell u formed el' ieio'oreed concrete, an electrolyte pipe of eesftbemvee embelidecl iii the Concrete omi he oeil easing and combrisli rieriil injt e ooi-tion adjacent s olesiout exten with e ieiifioveble plug sub line with en operating portion ez e'ooues i in seifl oeil ceslegi insel embeflefl in seid cell f es Tug :incl climi olts exteneing tbougl'i senil insulating: es, clamping nuts and inenlisting' membes on said'olemping bolts to i o, seid belts in ien While insulated from seid Concrete cathode elements stleptetl to cooperate with. sides of seid Cell enel eoopeietizig cathode die.- .gms elampiii-"membes cooperating e: s clamping oolts to clamp seid cathode elementn mel cathode diaphragme o. eeetfcolytie-eells for the electrolyo oi* other material, s onepieee eetengole-i sectioned cell easing info ,teelooueete, eleotodes with oeil. ees lg.; "flampmg i nel Celi easing msuin. s oeil easing seid clamping plates eizteiicliig loosel)T *doel demping 'i 1 ,i sem elempiu po "i, concrete I @emite "with e ompisiig mici eoioerating tous and clamping inem- -ios' with ssifl Clamping bolts Cathode und cathode osition.

cells for the electrolyiii said i sis of salt other material, a one-.piece open sided rectangular sectioned cell casing formed of reinforced concrete, electrodes cooperating with said cell casing, clampinf7 plates, insulating ytubes embedded in saicell casing and cooperating With said clamping' plates and clamping bolts extending through said insulating; tubes, clamping nuts and insulating members on said slamping bolts to hold-said plates in positionA tubes embedded in said cell casing and copereting with said clamping plates and, clamp- 25 ving bolts extending through said insulating tubes, clamping nuts and insulating memi bers on Said clamping boltsl to hold said plates in position while insulated therefrom, concrete elements adapted to cop- .ei with the sides of said cell casing vand clamping members cooperating with said clamping bolts to clamp seid elements in position.

f l5.' ln elcctrolytic cells for the electrolysisof salt or other material, cathode .lelement-s comprising an angle iron frame and a reinforced concrete cody molded therein, cathode hearing elements embedded in said holly and having their corruategl edges cathode 'frame to form a cathode chamber, a cathode diaphragm cooperating with said cathode element and comprising porous ine-- tallic matcrialin contact with said bearing elements and said frame, said cathode element lacing provided with gas inlets com substantially flush with the edge of saidl mnnicatng with the'npperportion of said cathode chamber and with a drip opening,

communica-.ting with the lowerportiion ofl saidcathode chamber.

' it?. ln cloctrolytic cellsfor the electroly Sie of salt or othermaterial, cathodev ele 'ments comprising an iron frame and 'rein -forcedconcrete'hodj/ molded therein, cathode hearing elements' having- 'thcir edges suhstantially 'flush with the edge of said cathode frame to forni a cathode chamber. a cathoe diaphragm cooperating with said cathode ,element and comprising porous-.ine` tallic materiel in contact with said frame, said cathode element being provided with gas inlets communicating with the upper portion o' said cathode Achamber and with 'a drip opening communicating with thc lower portion ci' said cathode cbamher.

17. ln electrolytic cella for the electrolysis of salt or other material, cathode' ele. ments comprising a frame and a concrete body moldetltherein, cathode bearing :elements having their edges substantially flush with the edge of said cathode frame to form a cathode chamber, and a cathode diaphragm cooperating with said cathode element and comprising porous metallic material in contact with said frame.

18.111 electrolytic cells for .the electrolysie of salt or other material, a one piece opcirsided rectangular sectional. cell casing formed of reinforced concrete and provided with electrolyte passages embedded in the ends of said casing, removable cathode ele# ments adapted to cooperate with the si des of said cell casing and formed with cathode chambers and with communicating 'drip openings, cathode drip pipes embedded in, said cell casing and communi :ating with said drip openings and. formed with trapped ldischarge portions, cathode exhaust mains emhedded 11i-salti cell casing and communi catingwitli said. .cathode drip pipes above,

their trapped. portions to exhaust Waste gases from said cathode, chaniliers, and means to supply ,scons material to said. cathode chambers. ,A

19. In electrolytic cells for' the electrolysis of salt or other material, a cell casing formed ot' reinforced concrete and rovicled with electrolyte passages enibedde in said casing", cathode elements adapted to coperate with said cell; casing and formed with f cathodechambers and with connnnnicating drip openings. cathode clrip pipes embedded in said cell casing and communicatingf'with said drip openings and formed with trapped.

discharge portions, cathode exhaust. -inains W .embedded in said cell casini,r and communicating with said cathode drip pipes above their trapped ortions to exhaust waste gases from saldfcat ode chambers, and means to supply gaseous material lo said cathode olif-* chambers.Y p

'20.' in electrolytic cells fol-'the electrolysis o salt or other material, a `cell casing 'formed of reinforced concrete and provided with' electrolyte passages 'enzloedded in said. 115

casing, cathode elements adapted, to coperate with said cell casing and formedv with cathode chambers and with communicating drip openings, cathode drip passages es bedded in said cell casing and communicat- Mii ing withsaid drip openings and formed with trapped discharge portions, cathode exhaustmalns communicating Witl saitl cathode drip passages above their trapped L 1,1 I. i l portions to exhaust waste gases iron'i said cathode chambers, .and means to supply gaseous materiel to said cathode chambers.

2l.' in electrolitic cells for the electrolysis of salt or other material, an open-sided rectangular sectioned' cell casing formed of reiiifoi'ced coni'e@ porting bmcif; and sages embedded iii das sin." i'emovubie zuiimfsems operaie with iii@ sies Y and formed catho "e Cini" Coimiimiiciiig drip om pipes @mb-schied iii sJ cas muiiicziiiig* with saiii no i v Y Lw foi-med with trapped "Ciiziige poiion cathode ennuis?, msliis siiibedde. in sur;

cell casing and @Dimmu-r czi'iiig wiwi cathode drip Uipes #ibm i l tions io exmils Wase gases from sai 0de chamba' l comiiiuiicating il im@ iisuiiimd imm sai gas main mounted @n tening longitudinally o' and conneced with main mounts-d @n sai ing iong'sudiziiiy 0;??

sis ci' ssii: or i Aformed 0i" minions@ c. i with supporting f l-e passages ems@ casiiig,- @atiioe e :ite Wiii i? forme-i ca'iofic having' branches Coi'- Qiiziioie chamber. said bizicits :i

0i' said Cei casing 1 gas pipe-s, seam braak@ mi@ said c-eii m QeCtioy- Penal?, a Celi easing;

ided

the. ends of Cei?. Casing oiiiisd catimde e casing imo.

u I v A mi@ drip pipes abme s to exiiau Waste gases chambers, i pipes hav miinicating' with said cui.

` msm Di@ f a pipes, n, steam main acife'zs; und extending n. 'Qvicied Wiii injectoi nozzles .mii i .pes to m15: uid promoto he iiiisle into sind Cathecwoijyic ceiis for the electro?.- Qi' @they naeriziL a row of l npsnsiiicfi 00H cnsiiigs formed O'E reiilfm-Ceii Qoiimte and provided with upwm-diy exfiiiiiig supporting brackets and f wi ii @leci'oiye pzisszigss embedded in the.

id i'eiiimzibe cathode eleto coiieirie with the sides mi snifi @vii L@ iid oi'niefi with cathode ciziiiibm's und wi i communicating drip Cathode drip pipes embedded in Casing `i communicating with openings und oriiied Wiii i'zipped p iions. cathode exhiiust mains ing wish wifi cn'ihodedrip pipes i :trapped Doiiions to exhaust from said czihode Chambers,

`ifiiiiig branches communicating ai iode Ciisiiibeis i gas main Y :u A 1 q mi sam L ii'iomte on 1cm,1

mounted on su' i mrunix-ts and extending' 10niitudiimiiy of said Celi @sings and having mmieciims with id pipes.

in eieeti-Giytic Celis fm iii@ ieatioiysis i a mw of aiined ceii @mimi 0i' rein oi'ced concrete 4and di uwmydy xteniiing?, suppi-b bi'zickiets 'ami extending said ceii czismgs anni conqas pipes` :i steam mam und with @kuh-0 Vte' passages this. mais o sal casings, re-

4bis Czitiwde ieiiens adapted to Cooi siii die Sides ai, saisi Celi casings i formed ,'itii cathode chambers, gas 'pipas fozzmciies Communicating with sai@ @Mimik c mbeis, a main mounted mi said iiiasii and. extending iongitudiily of Celi cnsinfs mid cciiiected with i @as pipes 'a snm main` momitei on @lisis sind @Xlendinff longitudinally i ce@ casinls and having; Connections id gas' hei' ma AL cow of ziiined -sxff L angular sec'tiimed zi'oiced Concrete )need cioseiy t0- and 'foimed with Liemeer ments having conrete bodies adapted to form a water tight closure of the open sides of said cell casings and formed with cathode chambers, gas pipes having branches communicaing with said cathode chambers but insulated from said cathode elements, a gas main extending longitudinally of said cell casings and having connection with said gas pipes, and a steam main extending longitudinally of said cell casings and having connection with said gas pipes.

32. In electrolyt-ic cells for the electrolysis of salt or other material, a row of alined .open-sided rectangular' sectioned cell casings .i formed of concrete and having their ends spaced closely together and Yseparated by layers of interposed yielding insulating matei-iai, and removable cathode elements having .eoncrete bodies adapted to cooperate with the sides of said cell casings and formed with cathode chambers.

In electrolytic cells for the electrolysis of salt or other material, a row of alined open-sided rectangular sectioned cell Casin s formed of concrete and having their ens spaced closely together' while substantiarlly insulated from each other and removable cathode elements having concrete bodies adapted to cooperate with the sides of said cell casings. f

v :34. In electrolytic cells for the electrolysis o i' salt or other material, a row of alined open-sided cell casings formed of concrete and having their ends spaced closely together and separated by yielding insulating material, and removable cathode elements adapted to substantially close the open sides oi said cell casings.

NUEL STATHAM.

Witnesses Y W. L. COVERT, H. E. GowAnD. 

